Descriptions of orchid genera 1880-1908

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Fam Orchideae. Trib. Malaxmae

MALAXIS Rich

Fructus: Capsula ovata, costata, perianthio
vestita et rimis longitudinalibus dehiscens. Semi-
na minutissima subrotunda, ut plurimum sterilıa.

Secundum cl. Richard huc pertinent species

duae JMulaxis paludosa Sw. et M. monophylla Sw.,

plantae tenellae, floribus minutissimis insignes, in

Germaniae et Europae septentrionalis turfosis ob-
viae; tubera parva, solitaria, foliis emarcidis te-
cla. Cl. Lindley unicam tantum speciem M. pa-
ludosam 1n hoc genere recepit.

Rich. Orch. Europ. l. c. p. 55.

Lindl. the genera and sp. of Orchid pl. EL p. 23

Lin. Gen. pl. ed. Spr. n. 541r.

EXPLICATIO FIGURARUM.

Malaxis palıdoxa R. magn. nat.

Flos a dorso visus, cum germine et pedunculo conto»
to , magu, auct.

Idem, a latere visus.

]dem , a fronte visus.

Labellum cum gynostemio , a fronte. —

Idem , a latere visum.

Gynostemium cum pollinariis et stigmate, a fronte —

ldem, a latere visum.

Pollinaria,

Eadem arte separata et lente magis augente observata.
Gynostemium , sublatis pollinariis.

]dem, a latere visum.

Sectio transversalis germinis.

Capsula, magn. nat.

Eadem, magn. aucta.

Semen sterile,

MALA XS Rich. Lindl.

(Malazis Sw. ex parte)
Malazis.
Syst. nat, Class. Monocotyledoneae, Fam. Orchideae Trib.
Malaxinae.
Syst. Lin, Class. XX, Ord. I. Gynandria Monandria.

Bartl. Ord. plant. p. 56. Aunth Handb, p. 297.
‚Lindl. Einl, p. 384.

CHAR. GEN.

Flores pedunculo contorto insidentes, et in
racemum laxum dispositi, parvi, flavo- virescentes.
Perianthii exterioris laciniae subaequales, su-
perioribus erectis, inferiori pendulo; laciniae in-
teriores multo minores, versus latera reflexae; ja-
bellum posticum, erectum, oblongum et integerri-

mum, basi cucullata gynostemium amplectens, pe-

rianthio brevius. Gynostemium minutum, erec-
tum, parte stylina brevissima suffultum, teretius-
culum. Anthera terminalis, (postica et intra mar-
ginalis R.) ex apice gynostemii antice deorsum
excavati formata, subbilocularis, late dehiscens;
(est aridroclinium, antherae vices gerens) Pollina-
ria quaterna sed geminatim sibi incumbentia et
apice retinaculo subgloboso iuncta, clavata, obtu-
sa, e polline ceraeco-solido constantia. Stigma sub
anthera situm, transversum , subrhomboideum,
apice in rostellum breve erectum et acutum desi-
nens. Germen ovatum, non contortum, unilocu-
lare et multiovulatum ut in caeteris generibus hu-
ius ordinis.

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dehiscens. Semina minutissima, oblonga, utrinque
obtusa. |

Herbae terrestres vel epiphytae; folia basi in
bulbum concrescentia. In Europa unica species
(Liparis Loeselii) et quidem in turfosis Europae

borealis reperitur. Reliquae a cl. Lindley huc
relatae species calidiores terrae plagas incolunt.
Rich. Orch, Eur. l. c, p. 54.
Lindl. the gen. and sp. of Orch. pl. I. p. 26.
Zdu. Liparis a Malaxide perianthii forma et gynostemü

structura longe recedit et Corallorrhizae magis aflınis est,

EXPL!CATIO FIGURARUM.
1, Liparis Loeselii L., magn. nat
2. Praefloratio.
Flos, a fronte visus , magn. auctus.
Flos, sublatis laciniis perianthii, a latere visus.
Gynostemium , anthera erecta clausa del. pr. proscolla,
Idem , anthera prona et aperta del. pr. proscolla,
Idem , anthera reflexa et effoeta,
Gynostemium, sublata anthera del. pr, proscolla
Pollinaria gemina.
Eadem, separata et magis aucta
Capsula matura, magn. nat,
Sectio transversalis , inagu. aucta
Semen.

Sectio transversalis bulbi, magn, nat,

LIPARIS: Rich: Lind.

Liparis. Glattkraut.
(Ophrys Linn. Malaxis Sw.)
Syst. nat, Class. Monocotyledoneae, Fam. Orchideae, "Trib,
Malaxidinae.
Syst. Linn, Class, XX. Ord. I. Gynandria Monandria,
Bartl, Ord. pl. p. 56. Kunth Handb, p. 287.
Lindl. Einl, p. 384.

CHAR. GEN.

Flores resupinati, pedunculis contortis insi-
dentes et in racemum laxum dispositi, parvi, flavo-
virentes.

Perianthii laciniae exteriores subaequales, pa-

tentes, duae interiores angustiores, lineares, paten-

tes; omnes marginibus involutae. Labellum erec-
tum vel obliquum, canaliculatum, integrum et
reflexum, basi gynostemio parum accretum. Gy-
nostemium basi valde incrassatum, antice cana-
liculatum , supra medium utrinque emarginatum
vel bituberculatum et parum incurvatum, superne
alato- marginatum. Anthera terminalis, opercu-
lata, mobilis et prona, bilocularis, loculis discre-
tis. Pollinaria duo, subglobosa e massulis binis
in quovis loculo composita. Pollen subceraceum.
Sugma subrotundum, in cavitate profunda infra
antheram situm. Proscola e tuberculis duobus
mucilaginosis in margine superiori stigmatis sitis
formata, post anthesin evanescens. Germen ovatum,
costatum, vix contortum, uniloculare, multiovu-
latum, ut in aflinibus.

Fructus: Capsula costata, in nostra specie
obovato - oblonga, rimis ut in omnibus Orchideis

[rıb. Malaxıdinae

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Tan. 8195.
LIPARIS TABULARIS,
Penang.

ORCHIDACEAE. Tribe EPIDEN DREAE.

Lıparıs, L. C. Rich.; Benth. et Hook. f. Gen. Plant. vol. ii. p. 495; dl. in
Journ. Linn. Soc. vol. xx. p. 244.

Liparis tabularis, Rolfe in Kew Bulletin, 1908, p. 68; species insignis, a 7.
macrantha, Rolfe, labello orbieulari obtuso et venis regulariter flabellatis
differt.

Pseudobulbi anguste conici, 8-12 em. longi, cirea 2 em. lati, vaginis mem-
branaceis albidis venosis imbrieatis tecti. Folia membranacea, ovato-
elliptiea, breviter acuminata, undulata, plicata, 9-14 em. longa, 4-5 em.
lata; petioli dilatati, in vaginis imbrieatis spathaceo-oblongis aeutis
carinatis et striatis inelusi. Scapıs erectus, acute 5-angulatus, purpureus,
circa 15 em. altus; racemus laxus. BDracteae triangulari-subulatae, acutae,
2 mm. longae. Pedicelli angulati, purpurei, 1'5 em. longi. Z’ores magni,
purpurei. Sepalwm posticum oblongo-lanceolatum, acutum, 1:5 cm. longum ;
sepala lateralia oblonga, aeuta, cirea 1:2 cm. longa, marginibus revolutis.
Petala filiformia, 1:5 em. longa. ZLabellum orbiculare, crebre dentieulatum,
leviter recurvum, 1:5-2 cm. latum, ima basi callosum. | Columna. clavata,
incurva, 8 mm. longa.

The genus Liparis is not often met with outside Botanic
Gardens, as few of the species can be called showy. There
are, however, a. few exceptions, and among them the subject
of the present plate. Z. tabularis Howered in the Ne
of Mr.H.T. Pitt, Rosslyn, Stamford Hill, in April, 1906,
and was exhibited at a noue of the Royal Hosioblbund
Society. Shortly afterwards a plant was presented to lXew,
where it Be in the following June, when the adneted
drawing was made. After some correspondence it was
ascertained that it had been sent by Mr. C. Curtis, of the
Forest Department, Penang, to Mr. H. A. Tracy, of
Twickenham, so th at it is prob ably a native of the region
mentioned. It is most nearly related to ne Formosan
L. macrantha, Rolfe, from which, however, it differs in
having an orbieular lip, with regularly radiating veins. Its
large reddish purple flowers with strongly denticulate lip
render it very attractive.

Liparis is a large and widely diffused genus, being found
throughout the tropies, and in subtropical, and even

May, 1908.

temperate regions; a single species, Z. Loeselii, Rich.,

being represented in a few British localities. The species
are most numerous in the mountains of India and the
Malayan Archipelago. Four other species have been figured
in this work, namely :—.L. tricallosa, Reichb. f. (t. 7804),
a large-flowered Malayan species, closely striped with purple
on the lip; L. atropurpurea, Wight (t. 5529), a native of
South India, having dark purple flowers ; L. Walkeriae,
Graham (t. 3770), a Ceylon species with small green and
purple flowers; and L. foliosa, Lindl. (t. 2709), a species
with small green flowers, now known to be a form of the

Australian A reflexa, Lindl.

Descrıprion.— Pseudobulbs narrowly conical, 3-5 in. long,
about 3 in. broad, covered with white membranous veined
imbricating sheaths. Leaves membranous, ovate-elliptical,
shortly acuminate, undulate, plicate, 3-53 in. long, nearly
2 in. broad; petioles broad, included within the basal
imbricating sheaths. Scape erect, about 6 in. high, acutely
5-angled, purple; raceme lax, many-flowered. Bracts
dip: Aq are acute, 4 in. long. Pedicels angled,
purple, about & in. long. Flowers large, reddish purpie.
Dorsal sepal vlone mnddtate, acute, over 4 in. long;
lateral sepals oblong, acute, rather shor ter and broader than
the dorsal, revolute at the margins. Petals filiform, over
l in. long. Lip orbicular, closely denticulate, sig] ıtly
recurved, about 3 in. broad, with a thickened callus at the
base. | Column elavate, incurved, nearly 4 in. long. —R. A.
Rorrk.

Fig. l, lateral petals and base of lip, with column; 2, anther cap;
3, pollinia :—all enlarged.

| AS he R

australis obvia. Radix (Rhizoma) corallina, ut in

Epipogio; caulis aphyllus, squamis v :ginantibus
vestitus.
Linn, Gen. pl. ed. Spr. n. 5409.
Rich: 174, 0 54.
Reich Fl. Germ. exc. p. ı351.
Rhizoma singulare, tuberibus palmatis Scitaminearum
quodamodo respondet, sed fibrae radicales deficiunt,
Basis caulis intumescit, ut in illis, et ad eius latus

novum bulbillum observavi,

EXPLICATIO FIGURARUM.
Flores Corallorrhizae innatae R, Dr., magn. nat,
Flos integer, a latere visus , magn. auctus.
Flos expansus, a facie superiori visus.
Idem, a dorso labelli visus, sublata lacinia superiori,
Labelluin,
Gynostemium , anthera adhucdum clausa delin.
Idem , anthera dehiscente del. pr. proscolla,
Pollinaria proscollae adglutinata,
Granula pollinis, quae in stigmate in tubulos excrescunt.
Fructus immaturi, magn. nat,
Semen immaturum , magn. auctum.
Capsula matura, magn. nat.
Sectio transversalis.
Semen maturum , magn. auctum.

Radix, magn. nat.

CORALLORRHIZA Zall.
Corallenwurzel.
( Ophrydis species Linn.)
Syst. nat. Class. Monocotyledoneae , Fam. Orchideae, Trib.
Limodorinae,
Syst. Linn, Class. XX, Ord, I. Gynandria Monandria.
Bart. Ord. pl. p. 56. Kunth. Handb. p. 287.
Lind!. Einl, p. 584.

CHAR. GEN.

Flores racemosi, pedunculis brevibus non con.
tortis et bracteatis suffulti.

Perianthii laciniae conniventes; tres exterio-
res et duae interiores subaequales; Labellum infe-
rum, patens, basi lineis duabus prominentibus lon-
gitudinalibus pereursum, sed muticum (non cal.
caratum ), trilobum, lobis lateralibus parvis, ter-
minali maximo, apice subemarginato.

Gynostemium oblongum, rectiusculum, apte-
rum, antice planum, dorso convexum, perianthio

parum brevius. Anthera terminalis, ex androcli-

nio formata, subtransversim dehiscens, bilocula
ris. Pollinaria duo, gemina, subglobosa, granu-
losa, sub anthesi proscollae adglutinata. Rostel-
lum obsoletum. Proscolla globosa, sat magna,
medio marginis inferioris antherae adhaerens.
Stigma infra antheram situm , subdeltoideum
Germen oblongum, non contortum, multiovulatum
Fructus. Capsula elliptica, polysperma (pen-
dula,) et Semina ut in caeteris plantis huius ordinis.
Species europaea unica (Corallorrhiza inata R

Br.) in montosis Germaniae septentrionalis et

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238 THE

ALPINE PLANTS.
(Continued from p. 180.)

CHEMICAL NATURE OF THE SOIL,—The chemical
properties of the soil exercise a great influence on
alpine vegetation. Some plants grow on limestone,
others on a soil completely free from lime, and on
schistsof variouscomposition. Inthe plains the alluvial
soil has been deposited by water at various times.
They are, consequently, of a very mixed character,
whence the possibility of growing so many plants of
different nature in the same soil. On the mountains,
where the nature of the rock varies, we may have cal-
careous or schistose soils. Each of these soils has its
own particular flora. In former times the alpine
flora was specially divided into a limestone and into
a granitic flora, but now it is recognised that it is
lime alone which exerts an influence. The lime is
noxious to some plants and favourable to others.
Sometimes species are so nearly allied that the differ-
ences between them are very slight—so slight, indeed,
that we may take them to be varieties induced by the
lime ; thus, in the case of Anemone alpina and its
variety sulphurea, while the first occurs over large
areas of limestone soil, the second is never found
except omschistose or granitic soils destitute of lime.
The difference between these two plants is but slight,
the corolla being white in the one plant and yellow
in the other, and yet the demarcation is so marked
that one can often tell with certainty the nature
ofthe soil by the plant which is growing upon it.
Moreover, I have seen in the charming Valley of
Fully, in the Valais, at the foot of the Dent de Morcle,
immense patches of Anemone alpina, where the tran--
sition from a calcareous to a granitic soil was marked
by insensible gradations in the colour of the flower.
The soil being very mixed in that locality, the further
one advanced toward the foot of the Dent de Morcle
the deeper the colour of the flower became. The gra-
duation ceases above the Lake of Fully, where there
is an immense area of Anemone sulphurea of the
deepest possible yellow. On the Chasseron in the
Jura I found, six. years ago, a small plot of A. sul-
phurea in the midst of a large mass of A. alpina.
On examining the soil I found it stiff —*' lehmig," as
tne Germans say, and quite dilierent from the sur-
rounding soil. It was probably due to the disaggre-
gation of a mass of schistose rocks brought to the
jura by the same causes which have served for the
transport of the erratic blocks.

Viola calcarata, L., and V. cenisia, L., are two
very distinct species, but which are never found on
The first occurs on calcareous soils,
the other on the schist of Mont Cenis. The same
remark applies to the Rhododendrons. R. ferrugi-
neum, L., is never found except on the granitic
slopes, while R. hirsutum prefers a limestone soil.
Nevertheless, R. ferrugineum in the Western Jura
is found on a soil clearly calcareous. For my part,
I doubt its being truly wild in this locality, and sup-
pose that it must have been transported by some
means or other. [It is very limited in range and does
not grow freely. Moreover, there is between the
subjacent rock and the surface soil a covering of
humus intervening between the roots of the plants
and the limestone rock.

Iadd a list of certain species of the same genera
remarkable for their liking for a limestone soil, or the
reverse :—

the same soil,

Limestone Plants. Calcifuge Plants.

Achillea atrata, L. = .. A. moschata, Wulf.
Alyssum montanum, L. A. Wulfenianum, Bernh.
Androsace lactea, L. .. vor Barnes E,
Anemone alpina, L. .. .. A. sulfurea, L.
Arenaria ciliata, L. d .. A. multicaulis, L.
Aretia helvetica, Gaud. .. A. glacialis, Hoppe
Artemisia glacialis, L... A. mutellina, Vil.
Astrantia major, L. .. .. A.minor, L.
Betula alba, L. .. "S E 3. pubescens, Ehr.
Dianthus alpinus, L. .. .. D. glacialis, Haeuk.
Draba aizoides, L. e .. D. frigida, Saut.
Epilobium Dodonzi, Vill. .. E. Fleischeri, Hochst.
Erigeron alpinus, L. .. .. E. uniflorus, L.
Gentiana Pneumonanthe, L... G. excisa, Presl
Hieracium villosum, L. .. H. alpinum, L.
Hutchinsia alpina, R. Br. .. MH. brevicaulis, Hoppe
Juncus Hostii, Tausch a - Inctpitrkus Lo
Pedicularis Jacquinii, Koch .. P. rostrata, L.
Primula Auricula, L. .. .. P. villosa, Jacq.

„ Clusiana, Tausch .. P. integrifolia, L.
Ranunculus alpestris, L. . R. rutzfolius, L.
Rhododendron hirsutum, L... R. ferrugineum, L.

Salix retusa, L... : S. serpyllifolia, Scop.

Saxifraga muscoides, Wulf. .. S. moschata, Wulf.
Sempervivum hirtum, L. .. S. arenarium, Koch
Silene alpestris. Jacq. .. .. S.rupestris, L.

Veronica saxatilis, Jacq. V. fruticulosa, L.

Any one acquainted with alpine plants will readily
see that there is very little difference between some

GARDENERS

of the species here mentioned. For my part I believe
that the chemical composition of the soil may modify
the appearance of species. I have seen, for instance,
plants of Rhododendron, the characteristics of which
were so ill-marked that I could not at first sight tell
whether I had before me R. ferrugineum or R. hir-
sutum, R. intermedium of Tausch is only one of the
intermediate forms between these two species. The
importance of attending to the chemical nature of the
soil will be appreciated by the cultivator, for if he
attempt to grow a plant to which lime is objectionable
on a calcareous soil, or vice versá, he must be prepared
for disappointment.

Asto the physical nature of the soil and its influence
on vegetation, that also is very important. The soil
of the Alps is rarely stiff clay, almost always it is
light and open, and readily absorbs moisture and
heat; nevertheless, it is often mixed with stones,
gravel, and fragments of rocks. In the lofty stations,
beneath the icy ridges, the soil in which the alpine
species exists is nothing but fine gravel, containing
very little humus, but constantly moist. The water
which percolates through such soil appears to furnish
tothe plant the nourishment which so arid a soil
itself cannot give.

In less elevated spots, in the moraines and landslips,
for instance, plants are found which grow only in a
soil composed of pounded rock, and which contains
absolutely no humus, Viola cenisia, L.; Campanula
cenisia, L.; Linaria alpina, L.; Lepidium alpinum,
L.; Thlaspi rotundifolium, Gaud.; Ranunculus par-
nassiifolius, L., &c., are generally found in soil
which is produced from the wearing down of schistose
and slate rocks. Zenry Correvon, Geneva.

(To be continued.)

Florists Flowers.

GREENHOUSE FLOWERS: AZALEAS.—The plants
that have been placed out-of-doors may remain there
for some time yet. See that they do not suffer for
want of water at the roots. The latest flowering
varieties will speedily have to be removed from the
forcing-house. Air must be admitted more freely to
thc forciug-housc for a dow days DciOiC Lüty alt Ic-
moved to the greenhouse. Cuttings put in now will
form roots well if they are carefully removed from the
plant with a heel, and the bark must not be injured
when cutting off the leaves. See p. 142 for further
information.

CALCEOLARIAS,

Seeds may still be sown as previously advised, and
if the young plants produced from seeds sown earlier
are large enough, they ought to be pricked out. If
this is not done in an early stage of the plants’ growth
many of them will be likely to damp off. The plants
will succeed best at this season of the year if they are
placed in a frame on the north side of a wall or
hedge.

CHRYSANTHEMUMS,

The plants of all the sections should be now in
their blooming pots ; the plants that are intended to
produce large specimens should now be trained into
shape, while the growths are pliable. The growers
about London tie them down very close to make
dwarf specimens, but they are often trained down so
very close as to be quite deformed when blooming
time arrives, It is best to study the natural habit of
the plant, and to tie and train the growths as near as
possible to that, and not in the form of an old-
fashioned watch-face or a molehill. The pompons
form a dwarf spreading bush, and the large-flowered
section grow 3 or 4 feet high when well managed ;
but if they suffer for want of water, or are placed too
close together, the lower leaves fall off, and the whole
plant is rendered unsightly. "There must be no stop-
ping of the growths after this, and in a week or two
the blooms must be *'set "—that is, as soon as the
flower-bud can be discovered. The growths that
start just under it must be pinched out with the
finger and thumb. This remark applies specially to
the plants intended to produce exhibition blooms,

CINERARIAS.

The early flowering plants have been potted into
their blooming pots. Those raised from later sown
seeds will be potted on as they require it. There are
no special instructions required at present. Fumi-
gate for thrips and greenfly; dust the leaves with
flowers of sulphur on the first appearance of mildew,

CHRONICLE.

[Aucvst 20, 1881.

—

E

CHINESE PRIMULAS.

The plants sown in April have been potted into
4 and 5-inch pots, and are now growing freely in a
cold frame, under the same conditions as Cinerarias,
Calceolarias, and other soft-wooded plants that dis-
like too much sunshine. The later plants must now
be pricked out of the seed-pots, and also be carefully
attended to. We raised a number of plants from
cuttings early in the year of Gilbert's double varieties.
These are now good-sized plants in 5-inch pots. A
few flowers have appeared on some of them ; these
have ‚been removed, and the plants will be potted
into 7-inch pots. They will make large specimens,
to bloom at Christmas, but they must be aided with a
little heat when the weather is cold.

CYCLAMENS.

These have now started to make their growth, and
have been repotted into the pots in which they are to
flower. Our plants have been exposed to the open
air all through the summer months, and have required
very little attention up till now. The plants have
been placed on a shelf in the greenhouse. Young
seedlings raised early in the year should now be
repotted into their blooming pots. The crown of the
corms should just be above the surface of the soil in
the pots. .

GLOXINIAS.

I do not.know whether this beautiful hothouse
plant has, or has not, been classed with florists’
flowers 5 if it has not, then it ought to be—it is so
easily grown, and gives such good results from a
small amount of labour. The plants that flowered
early in the year should be placed in a position where
they do not receive much water ; in fact, they should
be gradually dried off. To produce a good display in
the autumn, seedlings are the best. I sowed a packet
of seeds early in February, which speedily vegetated ;
they were pricked out when ready, and potted on as
they required it. Most of the plants are now in
43-inch pots. Some of them are in flower, and others
are coming on. I measured two of the largest plants,
and found they were 19 inches across. If the seeds
are saved from good varieties most of them will be as
good as the parents.

LARGE-FLOWERED PELARGONIUMS.

These are now all starting freely into growth.
Those who wish to have their plants bloom early
will have shaken them out and repotted them by this
time. We do not bloom ours very early, but they
are now ready, and will be repotted as soon as we
can find time to attend to them. See p. 142 for fur-
ther cultural instructions. As soon as the plants
start to grow the house they are in ought to be fumi-
gated, to prevent greenfly from spreading.

PETUNIAS AND VERBENAS.

These may come in very useful, along with Fuchsias
and zonal Pelargoniums, to make a good display in
the greenhouse now and later in the year. They do
best out-of-doors up to the time they have to be
placed in the greenhouse. If the pots in which the
plants are growing are full of roots, weak manure-
water will help very much to strengthen the bloom ;
this should be given at each alternate watering. 7.
Douglas, Ilford.

HERBACEOUS PHLOXES.— These have been very
beautiful at Chiswick, but are now a little past
their best. What deep rich hues many possess, and
what perfection of form ! "The trusses, too, are large,
and, when fully expanded, are singularly showy and
effective. The following make a fine selection from
those found in the gardens :—Gloire de Neuilly, deep
rich carmine ; Chas. Boulliard, purplish-crimson ;
Hugh Gardiner, white-flushed arrayed with purple ;
Lothair, rosy-carmine ; Baron Rigaut, rosy-crimson ;
Mdlle. Marie Saison, rosy-red ; Foudroyant, rosy-
pink; Coccinea, crimson-scarlet ; Mons. Gustave
Doré, rosy-puce ; Countess of Breadalbane, purplish-
lilac ; Ovid, white, crimson eye ; Countess of Rosslyn,
white, purple eye.

DOUBLE CHINESE PRIMROSES, — Even though
there may be nothing new in the method of pro
pagating these adopted with so much success at
Chiswick, yet it is an excellent one beyond question.
Early in June the large plants that need division are
thickly surfaced with sandy soil, the stems of the
crowns being first well cleansed of all decayed leaf-

THE

AvcUsT 20, 1881.]

GARDENERS'

CHRONICLE.

237

Orchid Notes.

THE CULTIVATION OF CATTLEYAS. — Mr.
Findlay's article on this subject has called forth
some response, and it would be well if a few other
good growers would give us their opinion. Mr.
McDonald, at p. 142, with his practical experience,
decides positively for potting them in peat and
sphagnum. Mr. Anderson, at p. 174, seems halting
between two opinions. He says they can be grown
* upon the purely epiphytal principle" as well as if
they were potted in peat and sphagnum. Ido not
think they can be grown either as well or as easily on

the cultural requirements of each genus. Mr. Ander-
son does not say why he referred to the Constable-
Burton Orchids, or whether he ever saw the plants to
which he alludes. Idid see them, and thought the
Cattleyas very much over-potted. I mentioned the
large specimens of Cattleya Skinneri in the Gar-
deners! Chronicle some time ago ; they were certainly
very large specimens, but, with all due deference to
the gardener who grew the Orchids so well, I think
those same Cattleyas would have done even better if
they had been placed in smaller pots, and had a much
smaller quantity of organic matter about their roots.
Many Orchid growers overpot their plants, especially

will be quite full of roots, and a large, very large
portion of them will be firmly attached to the inner
surface of the pot. It would be most disastrous to
turn the plants out of the pots by tapping the rim on
the edge of the potting bench, as the plant is held
inverted in the hands ; most of the roots would be
torn off and broken that way. Itake a hammer and
carefully break the pot to pieces, and where the roots
are firmly attached to the broken portions they are
not removed from them at all. They help to keep
the compost more open. The potting material should
be placed very carefully amongst the roots, the greatest
care being taken not to break them more than is

what we may call the block system. How does Mr.
Anderson grow his own ?—or how do all the prin-
cipal growers of Cattleyas grow them? When I
visited the late Mr. Dawson's collection, when they
were under Mr. Anderson's care, I found the largest
proportion of the Cattleyas in pots. About the same
time I inspected the collection of Provost Russell at
Falkirk, under the care of Mr. Sorley, and found some
of the finest Cattleyas and Lzlias I ever saw growing
in pots. How do you find the best collections
in the South—that of Sir Trevor Lawrence as a
private collection, of Messrs. Veitch, of Chelsea,
of Mr. B. S. Williams, of Holloway, and others ?
They are nearly all growing in pots. All these
gentlemen have had long practical experience in
the culture of Orchids, and know well what are

FıG. 50.—MASDEVALLIA BELLA, (SEE PF. 236.)

the Cattleyas. Mr. Dominy, late of the Exotic
Nursery, Chelsea, who has spent the best part of a
lifetime amongst them, insists, above all things, upon
using small pots for the size of the plants, and drain-
ing the pots well. If the peat and sphagnum is
thoroughly permeated with roots the material would
not get sour, but if there is too much organic matter
it will decay and become sour before the roots have
ramified into every part of it, and as the roots run
into it they will decay.

Mistakes are often made, not only by placing
the plants in pots that are too large, but by potting
at the wrong time. Cattleyas should be potted just
before the young roots emerge from the base of the
last formed pseudobulbs, and if the plant to be potted
is in good condition the compost and the drainage

necessary. The plants should also stand well up in
the pots. 9. Douglas,

AGRICULTURAL RETURNS OF GREAT BRITAIN
FOR 1881.—The Statistical and Commercial De-
partment of the Board of Trade have issued a
summary of the returns collected on the 4th of June
last, which shows the extent of land in Great Britain
under Wheat to be 2,806,057 acres, or 103,381 acres
less than in 1880; Barley, 2,442,405 acres, or 25,036
acres less than in 1880 ; Oats, 2,901,135 acres, or an in-
crease of 104,230 acres; Potatos, 579,43I acres, an in-
crease of 28,499 acres over 1880 ; and Hops, 64,128
acres, or a decrease of 1577 acres. The total number of
live stock in Great Britain on the same day is given
as, cattle, 5,911,524; sheep and lambs, 24,582,154 ;
pigs, 2,048,034.

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114

DEAN STANLEY.—The death of this noble-
minded man, whose every effort was for the good of
his fellows, will be felt as a great sorrow and a
greater loss, even by those who dissented from his
views. It issad to think of the probability that he
met with his death when engaged —characteristically
engaged—in promoting the happiness of the poor of
Westminster at a meeting of the Society for the Pro-
motion of Window Gardening in Westminster.

—— — FIGURES AND FANCIES.— There is a pecu-
liarity (says the Azilder) about the date of the pre-
sent year of grace which may afford materials for
those who are seeking for omens and portents in these
terrible times, and which, so far as we know, has not
before been pointed out. The date 188r reads the
same either from left to right or from right to left, as
it does also if read upside down. Some thousands of
years must elapse before it will be possible to say the
same thing again—not, indeed, before the year of our
Lord 8008. Eighty years hence, namely in 1961, it
will read the same upside down, but not, as in the
present case, from left to right and right to left. The
figures of the current year, 1881, are divisible by 9,
giving 209 as result, and added together the four
figures make 18, also divisible by 9, or making 9
when added together.

—-—— FLOWERS IN SEASON.—Mr. WARE sends us
specimens ofthe old double White Lily, in which there
is no flower properly speaking, but merely a branch-
ing panicle, each branch of which is covered with
a collection of white leafy bracts. This is a very old
inhabitant of our gardens, and when well developed
is not without beauty. From the same source comes
a fine specimen of Plantago major, in which the
inflorescence is represented by a branched panicle, the
ultimate branchlets of which are covered with minute
green bracts. This, like the foregoing, is a very old
inhabitant of our gardens.—From Mr. TYERMAN
comes a portion of the spike of Puya Whytei, a
remarkable and handsome Bromeliad, with long, nar-
row, grey, channelled, recurved leaves, sharply and
strongly saw-toothed, and with a tall branching
panicle (4 feet high) of greenish blue flowers, each
about 2 inches long; the anthers are bright orange,
forming an extraordinary contrast to the dark sea-
green petals. The plant is very scarce, but as it
stood out unprotected against a south wall in Corn-
wall last year, we may hope that it will become more
common.—Cladrastis amurensis : This is probably
better known under the name of Maackia amurensis,
It is native of the Amoor River, and, like so many
plant from that region, is perfectly hardy in this
coun ry. Inits native country it attains a height of
30 o1 40 feet, and has bark which peels off in flakes
like that of our common Birch. The flowers are
yellowish-green, and are much more densely packed,
besides being smaller in size, and with shorter pedicels
than those of its North American congener, C. tinctoria;
the foliage, too, is smaller, and a darkergreen. Speci-
mens are now in bloom in the Kew Arboretum. The
species was figured recently in the Zo/azcal Magazine,
and Sir JOSEPH HOooKER, finding that Maackia was
not distinct from Cladrastis, sunk it under that genus.
By the way, Clradrastis tinctoria (Virgilia lutea) has
flowered more freely at Kew this season that it has
for many years past, and the same may be said of
Robinia viscosa, the Honey Locust, Gleditschia
triacanthos, and many other North American trees.
—Lilium pardalinum : Mr. WARE sends us flowers
of this species, singularly malformed. In some cases
a check to growth has taken place, so that the
flower segments are green instead of being coloured,
while some of the stamens are only about half their
proper length. In other cases the flower-segments
were provided at their base with a series of crests,
ridges, keels, fringes, and warts, separately or mixed,
all being outgrowths (enations) from the inner surface
of the segments, and calling to mind the fringes on
the flower-segments of some Irises, and still more the
outgrowths from the lip of some Oncids or Odonto-

glots.

—— PETUNIAS.—No florist can be unaware ofthe
great improvement that has been effected in the
Petunia within comparatively few years. . This fact
was strongly impressed upon us during a recent visit
to the Perry Hill Nurseries of Messrs. J. CARTER &
Co. Very many thousands of seedlings are there
cultivated in pots and fertilised by hand, A goodly

THE GARDENERS CHRONICLER.

number of plants, from which noseed will be saved,
have been weeded out from among the intended seed
bearers, and there is scarcely one of these that would
not have been looked upon as a first-rate flower a few
years ago. Size of flower, colouring, substance, &c.,
are now looked upon as essential and a distinct strain
seems to have been derived in which the good points
just mentioned have been attained, accompanied by a
beautiful fringing to the corolla quite as distinct as in
the finest fringed strains of the Chinese Primrose.

—-— STORING ELECTRICAL POWER. — Writing
on the subject of the storage of electrical power as
effected by the FAURE battery, which can be charged
with electricity and carried from place to place, and
utilised when and where required, Sir WILLIAM
THOMSON says:—'' The largest useful application
waiting just now for the FAURE battery—and it is to
be hoped that the very minimum of time will be
allowed to pass till the battery is supplied for this
application—is to do for the electric light what a
water-cistern in a house does for an inconstant water
supply. A little battery of seven of the boxes suffices
to give incandescence in SWAN or EDISON lights to
the extent of roo candles for six hours, without any
perceptible diminution of brilliancy. Thus, instead
of needing a gas-engine or steam-engine to be kept at
work as long as the light is wanted, with the liability
of the light failing at any moment through the slipping
of a belt—an accident of too frequent occurrence—or
any other breakdown or stoppage of the machinery,
and instead of the wasteful inactivity during the hours
of day or night when the light is not required, the
engine may be kept going all day and stopped at
night, or it may be kept going day and night, which
will undoubtedly be the most economical plan when
the electric light comes into general enough use.
The FAURE accumulator, always kept charged from
the engine by the house-supply wire, with a proper
automatic stop to check the supply when the accumu-
lator is full, will be always ready at any hour of the
day or night to give whatever light is required. Pre-
cisely the same advantages in respect of force will be
gained by the accumulator when the electric town
supply is, as it surely will be before many years pass,
reonlarlv used for turning lathes and other machinery
in workshops and sewing-machines in private houses."
It will be seen from this that one great obstacle to the
general use of the electric light for forcing purposes
is in a fair way of being removed. Now that we
have at the Crystal Palace both a school of engineer-
ing and a school of horticulture, it is to be hoped that
in the coming winter so excellent an opportunity of
testing comparatively the effects of the electric light
will not be lost. Hitherto the experiments that have
been made have not been sufficiently comparative to
command universal assent.

-—— THLADIANTHA DUBIA. — This is a hardy
perennial Chinese Cucurbit, which is easily grown
and highly ornamental. It has heart-shaped leaves
and bell-shaped golden-yellow blossoms, which are
freely produced. At Kew, on one of the walls, it has
withstood the past winter, although the ground above
its thick, fleshy, underground tubers was not covered
in any way. For covering arbours or walls it is well
worth growing.

WEST INDIAN FRUITS IN THE UNITED
STATES.—Recent advices from Jamaica state that
information received there from America proves how
seriously fruit shipped from Jamaica deteriorates on
its voyage to New York. Of Oranges shipped fully
one-third perished, and on Bananas the loss amounted
to about 21 per cent. Pine-apples were destroyed to
the extent of 19 per cent., and Cocoa-nuts 8 per cent.
The only remedy for this excessive loss is said to be
to export only the finest fruit, and to select a proper
stage of maturity for picking.

PRODUCTS OF MOGADOR.—-It is stated in a
recent report that the supplies of Esparto-grass con-
tinue to be good, and the exportation was constant
during the whole. of the past year, 23,777 quintals
being exported against 8702 in the previous year.
Prices ruled about as usual, and the market in England
was fairly remunerative. England and France take
by far the greater proportion of the yield of this
useful material for paper-making, whilst in Portugal,
to which country 1267 bales were shipped, it is used
for making ropes, baskets, and other articles, Of

[Jury 23, 1881.

gums a fair total quantity was exported, but prices in
Mogador were high compared with those of other
years. Ofthe varieties known as gum-arabic, white
and brown, Euphorbium (Euphorbia resinifera), and
Amrad (?), the quantities were small; but of San-
darac (Callitris quadrivalvis) the supply was good, at
a high price, there being a large number of buyers,
and prices in England and France ruling high. The
principal fruits sold in the Mogador markets are
Oranges, Limes, Lemons, Citrons, Dates, Figs,
Apricots, Peaches, Pears, Plums, Apples, Melons of
several varieties, Grapes, Prickly Pears, Almonds,
Pomegranates, and Walnuts. The majority of these
fruits come from some little distance, but transport,
and consequently market prices, are cheap. The
only fruits which are articles of export are Almonds,
Dates, and Walnuts. Vegetables are largely grown
in the irrigated market gardens just outside the town
walls, and they comprise the majority of English
varieties, including green Peas (in season in Febru-
ary) Lettuce, Cauliflower, and other plants of which
the seed has originally been imported from Europe;
also sweet Potatos, Pumpkins, Kohl Rabi, Gourds,
&c.

—— ABERDEENSHIRE AGRICULTURAL ASSOCIA-
TION.—We have before us the fifth annual report of
this Association, in which the results of the experi-
ments made under its sanction in Aberdeenshire, as
well as in two English counties, on Turnips, on
grasses, and on Oats, are detailed, with the result, as
before, that phosphates of lime decidedly increase the
Turnip crop, but that farmers need not trouble them-
selves to know whether the phosphates are of animal
or of mineral origin ; that soluble phosphate is not so
much superior to insoluble phosphate as supposed ;
and that the prudence of using nitrogen is rendered
doubtful, unless it is followed yearly by judicious
application of the mineral constituents of plants. This
latter inference, at any rate, is consistent with what
we know in other cases, as also are the statements
relating to the relative uselessness of the monster
roots with which our seedsmen still astonish the
gazers at our shows. The weight in these cases is
mainly due to increased relative quantities of water,
which might be desirable in a Melon or a Cucumber,
but which is not required when the product is intended
for more substantial use. With reference to the club-
bing of Turnips, or that form of it associated with the
presence of a peculiar fungus, Mr. JAMIESON, who
conducts the experiments, confirms those of Mr,
A. S. WILSON, and tells us that farmers have
discovered two natural remedies—(I), Removal of
conditions favourable to fungoid growth ; (2), Exter-
mination of the fungus by withdrawal of its natural
food, 2.e., by discontinuing the cultivation of Turnips
except after long intervals. The fungus was in all
cases worst where sulphur, in the form ofsulphides or
sulphates, was used in the manure. The manures
stimulate the plant to precocious growth, and induce
consequent weakness, in consequence of which the
plants become a ready prey to the fungus. As regards
the storing of Turnips, the best results were obtained
by pitting them after removing the leaves and roots.

—— (ENOTHERA LAMARCKIANA.— What a glori-
ous plant this is. It forms a pyramid 3 to 4 feet in
height, regularly branched from the base with spread-
ing branches, and an abundance of very large prim-
rose-yellow flowers. Itis a perfectly hardy biennial
or perennial. Ours is growing in a Rose bed on
strong stiff soil, where it came up accidentally from
seed ; and even among the Roses it holds its own as
a magnificent plant.

RARE PLANTS IN FLOWER.—The following
new and extremely rare plants are now in flower at
Mr. WILLIAM BULL establishment at Chelsea :—
Cienkowskya Kirkii, Disa grandiflora Barrellii, An-
thurium Andreanum, Blandfordia flava, Lilium cruen-
tum, Odontoglossum vexillarium Chelsoni, double-
flowered Bouvardia ** Alfred Neuner," Monolophus
secundus.

CAMPANULA VIDALI.—This is a beautiful
species, with thick white waxy drooping blossoms,
which remain longer in good condition than do those
of most bell flowers; on looking inside the flower a
bright orange ring is seen surrounding the disc at the
base. It has not only its beauty to recommend it,
but a considerable amount of interest. In his inte-
xesting lecture on ** Insular Floras," delivered before

-

[Ju'y 23, 188r.

The Gardeners’ Chronicle,]

(SEE P, II2.)

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May 13, 1882.]

CARDENERS'

CHRONICLE,

643

, ,

is only under the influence of the solar rays that it
opens its blossoms, which mostly turn south, and
remain leaning that way. 7. Sheppard.

The Alexander Peach.—I can fully endorse all
that Mr. Rivers has said in favour of this Peach. It
may be of interest to those who may be contemplating
planting it, to know that last season I fruited it on
the open wall, where it ripened its fruit quite a fort-
night earlier than our earliest kinds growing in an
unheated Peach-house. This season I have removed
my tree into the Peach-house, having, after many
trials, reluctantly arrived at the same conclusion as
Mr. Rivers—that Peach growing in the open air is
almost hopeless. CAas. Meehan, The Gardens, St,
Clare, near Ryae.

Salvia patens.—This is a very useful, showy,
and easily cultivated greenhouse plant ; it is also an
attractive bedding plant either planted in masses or
in mixed beds, but it is as a greenhouse or conserva-
tory plant that I shall now refer to it, and for the
embellishment of which, on account of its beautiful
soft blue flowers—a colour peculiar to itself—it has
few equals. Cuttings put in now singly in 3-inch
pots in light sandy soil and placed in a Cucumber or
Melon frame will root quickly, and by repeated shift-
ings into larger pots, as they require more room at
the roots, and stopping of the shoots, and plenty of
air and water at the roots, when necessary, will make
useful flowering plants by the autumn. ZZ. W. W.

Cleaning Boilers.—There are many letters in
your columns about boilers, but one thing I have not
yet seen touched upon, and that is, how to clean
them. My boiler is a saddle, and it has only a little
hole about three-quarters of an inch in diameter in one
of the wings, which is quite insufficient to get dirt
out from it, and utterly useless to clean the other
wing. Now is not the inefficiency of the boiler often
due to the fault of the water, and the way it is put in?
Mine used to be fed from a little wooden cistern, into
which coal, ashes, and dirt of all sorts got, and from
thence into the boiler, and now I fear there is a
deposit of mud in it from the dirty water which
supplies it, and which comes down from a mill-dam,
holding a good deal of clay and mud dissolved in it.
Is there any way of putting up a filter to clear the
water, and yet allow a strong flow, for other places
are supplied from the same source, and how can the
boiler be really cleaned out? It is a pity that clean-
ing holes are not made in them, which, as the pressure
1s slight, might easily be done. I have no doubt
that many boilers are covered with a thick deposit
from the water, causing a great loss in firing. 9f. A. Z7,

Perennial Candytufts.—If the variety alluded
to at page 592 as Iberis superba be identical with the
kind I have under the designation of Iberis garrexi-
folia superba, I can well bear testimony to its great
value as a spring decorative plant. Taking it for
all in all, I think it the best of the genus, for
although I. gibraltarica produces the largest trusses of
bloom, the flowers are not pure white in the open, and
they are not freely produced ; the plant is of some-
what irregular habit, and it certainly is not thoroughly
hardy. I. garrexifolia superba has, next to I. gibral-
tarica, the finest trusses, and these are of even purer
hue than are those of I. corifolia, and are borne on
longer stems, so that the plant is pre-eminently
useful to furnish cut flowers. It is robust, of a free
spreading habit, and quite hardy. Taken in con-
junction with the Cheiranthus Marshalli, so full just
now of rich orange flowers, I think these are two
of the most effective and valuable of hardy perennials
for the present season. A. 2D.

Coccocypselum discolor.—Although this is not
a showy stove plant it is nevertheless a useful and
somewhat curious one—useful on account of its trailing
habit as well as by reason of its easy culture and
striking contrast to other plants of similar growth,
and curious on account of the deep blue berries which
ornament the drooping shoots, which, hanging over
the edge of the staging in connection with plants of
Panicum variegatum, &c., have a very pleasing effect.
The leaves, too, which are ovate and about rj inch
long, are covered with a down of the same colour as
the berries. The plant propagates freely from
cuttings, and succeeds under the most ordinary stove
treatment. 7. JV. WW.

The Salt Storm of April 29.—The storm of
Saturday week did sad mischief here. All the early
deciduous trees suffered terribly, and many of them
are, I fear, injured for the year, as the leading and
principal shoots appear quite destroyed at their
extremities, No others suffered so much as the
Maples, of which I have a considerable collection.
I send you specimens of the foliage of Acer sacchari-
num, A. dasycarpum, and A. platanoides that you
may taste the salt still remaining, though they have
been washed with frequent rains ever since. The

salt completely cauterised the foliage. Some of the
evergreens, such as the common Laurel, and still
more the Portugal Laurel suffered very much ; but
none of the Conifere, though several of them had
put forth a considerable length of young tender
shoots. Cedrus atlantica, some early common Spruce,
and more especially Picea cephalonica, were covered
with soft youthful growth, but they were uninjured.
I am about 40 miles from the sea—the nearest point ;
but the wind did not come from there, It was west
by south, and the atmosphere must have crossed
North Devon, Somersetshire, Wiltshire, and part of
Hampshire before arriving here. Still, the brine of
the Atlantic was in it, as my poor trees indicate but
too clearly. James Salter, Basingfield, Basingstoke.

Bouvardias,—Those who have the convenience of
a stove or intermediate-house should not fail to grow
a few Bouvardias, as, unquestionably, they are among
the most useful winter flowering plants in existence,
affording as they do a large amount of choice bloom,
which is of great value for cutting and working up in
bouquets. To have them of a serviceable size,
cuttings should be struck at once, and to obtain these
it is necessary to put one or two old plants in strong
moist heat, which will soon induce them to break and
form side shoots, and these when about 3 inches long
are sufficiently advanced for removal. If taken off
just below a joint with a sharp knife and the lower
leaves carefully removed, they will root as readily as
Verbenas, but to get them to do this they must be
placed in a propagating-box where they can be kept
close and have a brisk temperature, or stood on a
shady shelf up near the light in a stove covered with
a bell-glass, under which they get the conditions re-
quired. As soon asstruck— which, if all goes well, will
happen in about a month—they should be potted off
singly in small pots and returned to the propagating-
box, or to a hot-bed frame, where they can have the
benefit of a moderately close moist heat for a time to
get a fresh start. When fairly on the move they
should at once {have more air to gradually prepare
them for the change of standing out in the open. As
the summers are variable, and sometimes wet and
cold, it is advisable to prepare a bed for them in a
frame, where in case of an adverse change the
lights may be put on, and if this is done they may
be planted or plunged in the bed by the middle

of June. In making up the frame, the foun-
dation should be formed by a foot or so
of half rotten leaves, and on these 6 inches

of refuse peat or leaf-mould and sharp turfy loam
spread, in either of which Bouvardias root readily
and grow with great freedom, As they are of thin
spare habit a foot apart is quite far enough to plant,
and as soon as they get hold the points of the shoots
should be nipped out, which will cause them to break
and become moderately bushy below. All further
attention the plants will require during summer is to
be kept syringed or damped overhead on the after-
noons of hot days and duly watered whenever they
become dry at the roots. If greenfly assail them the
easiest remedy is to close the lights and fumigate, or
the plants may be syringed with weak tobacco-liquor,
which will cleanse them at once. By the end of
September the growth will be thoroughly hardened,
and it will be time to lift and repot the plants, which
should be done in light peaty soil, when it will be
necessary to keep them close and warm till they get
over the check. If wanted in flower early a few of
the most forward may be placed in heat at once, and
if kept there after the heads are cut they soon break
again and yield a succession of bloom. Bouvardias will
flower fairly well in a moderately warm greenhouse,
but not nearly so well as they will where they can be
subjected to more heat, as there they bloom con-

. tinuously if assisted by the application of weak liquid-

manure, As to sorts the best to grow are Vreelandi,
Hogarth, Maiden's Blush, and Oriflamme, unless the
doubles now being advertised should turn out more
valuable, but of these I have had no experience as
yet. Double flowers, however, are generally more
lasting, although in this case it is doubtful if the
doubleness will add to their beauty as compared with
the singles, which are the perfection of lightness and
finish, $. Sheppard.

Where to Plant Surplus Spring-flowering
Plants.—As the time when spring-flowering plants —
a few of which are still at their best—will have to
make way for the summer occupants of the flower
garden is now at hand, may I be allowed to suggest,
for the benefit of those of your readers who may have
been in the habit of consigning their surplus plants to
the rubbish-heap, the planting of them in irregular
and alternate patches on the banks on either side the
avenues, shrubbery walks, and here and there in suit-
able situations amongst the trees in frequented places.
Thus planted places which heretofore were cheerless
in early spring are now, by reason of the masses of
blue Forget-me-Nots, Violas, Primroses, Daffodils,
white Arabis, Wallflowers, Violets, &c., which meet
the eye at every turning in the drives and walks, ren-
dered pleasing and interesting spots of resort, and the

air, which is pervaded with the fragrance of those
ever popular flowers— Wallflowers and Violets—more
pleasant to breathe. "There are not a few unattrac-
tive spots in many places adjoining the carriage drives
through the park, woods, and other frequented places
which might, in the way above suggested, be beauti-
fied at a trifling labour expense. Z70r/us,

The Mímulus.—The superb forms of Mimulus
maculosus which Mr. Clapham has created by long
selection and careful hybridisation, in addition to
their almost gorgeous beauty, are truly very hardy.
I put out a large number of strong plants as early as
the first week in April, and they are blooming very
profusely. From one seedling plant I gathered
flowers exactly 3 inches across, and perfectly round.
Ithink those were the finest I have yet seen. On
soil that is fairly good and light, yet cool, the
Mimulus will grow almost luxuriantly, and produce
a fine effect, The object of the grower should be to
get up a good growth of side shoots, and to effect
this it is well to stop the main or centre growth
early. Plants will do remarkably/well in the autumn,
blooming late and luxuriating in the cool moist
weather which then prevails. 4. 2.

Insects. — When Shakspeare penned those trite
and true words, ‘ The worst of creatures fastest pro-
pagate," he must, one would think, have known
something of gardeners’ troubles, and of the insects
with which they have to contend, for truly the rate of
increase of some of these is marvellous, and where
they spring from, or how many of them originate, is a
mystery. Take red-spiders, for instance, the most
minute of the lot, and the puzzle is how such pests
get into a quite new house freshly planted with
Vines or Peaches, and yet, if the conditions are
favourable, hosts of them soon come into existence
and spread with the greatest rapidity. Bad as red
spiders are, however, they are quite outdone by green-
fly, which breed so fast as to almost outrun all cal-
culation, and if one or two only appear on a plant,
their progeny, and those issuing from them, are soon
all over the leaves, sucking out the juices and curling
them up. "What they have a special liking for just
now are Roses and Peaches, which both show unmis-
takable signs that the enemy is at work, for, look
where one will, crippled shoots are to be seen, and if
these are not liberated and set going at once, they
will be a long time in getting over the check. To-
bacco-dust, though highly dangerous to leave on
for any lengthened period, is an excellent remedy
agaiust aphis, as wlii a disttibulor, which may be
carried in the pocket while disbudding is going on,
a puff may be given to any shoot affected, and the
progress and breeding of the insects at once stopped,
The best time, however, to apply the tobacco-
powder is early in the morning, while the trees or
bushes are moist with dew, as then it adheres readily,
and as it at once acts on the fly, and causes them to
leave their hold, they may easily be washed off by
means of water from a garden engine or syringe.
By looking over Peaches and Nectarines occasionally
and treating them in the way referred to, they may be
kept clean without having recourse to Gishurst or
other insecticides of a similar nature, none of which
can be used while the fruit is in such a small tender
state without much risk of injury to the delicate skin.
To make short work of greenfly on Roses and cleanse
the plants of their presence, there is nothing I am
acquainted with equal to nicotine soap, which has the
active properties of Tobacco in it, and by diluting it to
the proper strength it may be syringed on, or the long
shoots bent down and dipped in without causing much
waste. Quassia chips boiled with some soft-soap in the
water forms a good and cheap insecticide, and if a little
tobacco-juice or nicotine is added fly quickly vanish
under its influence. The only way of dealing effectu-
ally with the Rose-maggot, so snugly ensconced in
the leaves it so dexterously curls, is to give each a
loving squeeze between the finger and thumb, which
may be done without bruising or harming the young
tender foliage, as the grub is soft and collapses under
the gentlest of pressure. The Gooseberry caterpillar,
so prevalent in some gardens, may be got rid of by
the use of lime, which should be sown thickly on the
ground under the bushes, as there the larvz lie and
hatch and issue forth as soon as the weather gets
warm. Currants, so subject to greenfly, which affect
the tips of the young branches, are best managed by
nipping the points out, as the aphis cannot exist on
the old hardened leaves, the tissues of which are too
tough for them to get the sap through. The worst of
all the aphis family are the black, which usually affect
Cherries, and the only way of destroying them with-
out harming the shoots is to use a strong solution of
nicotine soap and immerse them allin. The liquid
at once penetrates their oily coating, and by its quick
action seems to dissolve them. The aphis peculiar to
Plums are almost as difficult to kill, and the best way
of battling with these and the black on dessert
Cherries is to remove the young shoots early by timely
stopping, as by doing this they may in many cases be
kept away altogether. As to red-spider, the best

N

n Se

*

cam

644

FHELGARDENERSCHREOINTERE,

[Mav 13, 1882.

remedy where they affect trees on open walls is cold
water, drenchings of which from a garden engine they
cannot endure, Dryness at the root is a frequent
cause of these parasites affecting Peaches, to prevent
which it is a good plan to mulch all trees with half-
rotten manure, and this should be done early, so as to
keep the moisture in and maintain the soil in an
equable condition of warmth. By-and-bye, when the
fruit is swelling fast, an occasional soaking of sewage
will do much towards keeping the trees in vigorous
health, and will also assist them greatly in carrying
their load. 7. Sheppard, 0

dDeports of Sorieties.

—

Royal Horticultural: 7/ay 9.—]ames McIntosh,
Esq., in the chair. The Rev. G. Henslow took
Maples as the subject of his lecture, as Messrs.
Veitch exhibited a fine series of new forms from
Japan, remarkable for their coloured and variously
dissected foliage. He first called attention to the
fact that Maples abounded in the Miocene epoch,
nineteen species having been found fossil at CEnin-
gen near Lake Constance, "They were even attacked
by a fungoid disease much resembling the Rhytisma
acerinum, which forms black spots on the Sycamore.
Maples were well known to the ancients for the
value of their wood. Theophrastus, Virgil, and
Ovid often alluded to the markings on the wood,
for which it was prized, as it;is now. Maples
are found in Europe, North America, North
India, and Japan. Of the European, the com-
mon Maple (Acer campestre, L.) is a well-
known British shrub or small tree, the wood of which
is valuable for cabinet work, and makes one of the best
charcoals. A. Pseudo-Platanus, L., the Sycamore,
has also valuable timber, while the knotted roots
are used for inlaying, &c. The sap has been made
into sugar and wine in the Western Highlands of
Scotland. Of American species, A. saccharinum,
L., the Rock-sugar or Bird’s-eye Maple, is one of the
most important. It was introduced here in 1735.
The timber is valuable, and used instead of Oak
when the latter is scarce. The fibres sometimes
show peculiar arrangements, being undulated like
that of the “curled Maple" (A. rubrum L., the
red flowering Maple) or in spots, which gives
the name of Bird's-eye. It forms excellent fuel
and the ashes are rich in potash. Sugar is extracted
from the sap by boiling, the flow of sap being pecu-
liarly sensitive to climatic conditions (see a paper by
Mr. Maw in the Gardeners Chronicle, 1878, p. 137).
Of the Japanese Maples lately introduced by Mr.
Veitch, Acer palmatum, or polymorphum, is the most
important, as being remarkable for the great variety
in the forms and colour of the leaves. It was ori-
ginally introduced in 1822, but for the beautiful and
delicately cut-leaved new forms we are indebted to
Mr. J. G. Veitch and Mr. C. Maries. Their names,
Ampelopsifolium, atropurpureum, dissectum, &c.,
will describe their different peculiarities. Another
species—A. distylum—as well as A. carpinifolium,
both from Japan, are curious for the leaves being
without lobes, the usual number varying from three
toseven, As the first leaves developed on seedling
plants (e.g., Sycamore) are without lobes, it repre-
sents a primitive condition, while the five or seven
lobes obtained by later developed leaves, and charac-
teristic of many species, would seem to be later deve-
loped forms—the three-lobed Acer trilobatum hav-
ing been particularly characteristic of the Miocene
epoch. Several other beautiful and interesting forms
were exhibited by Messrs. Veitch, which were intro-
duced by them, some not yet having distinctive
names, He also exhibited some curious specimens of
Japanese grafting, several varieties having been grafted
on the same stem,

ScIENTIFIC COMMITTEE.—Sir J. D. Hooker in
the chair.

Larch Disease. —A letter was read from Mr.
Clutton with reference to the statements made at a
previous meeting by Mr. McLachlan, and stating that
there was no doubt but that the insects really were
effecting great injury by stripping the shoots of the
leaves.

Rhododendrons.—Mr. Mangles showed cut blooms
of several species and varieties of Rhododendron,
and commented upon their characteristics, Among
the specimens exhibited by Mr. Mangles were :—
I. One of the hybrids originally raised by Dean
Herbert between Azalea viscosa, as the pollen
parent, and R. maximum, and called R. bigener.
2. R. nilagiricum, true—a scarlet flowered variety,
from the Nilghiri hills, and which occurs in
Ceylon and other parts of India under various
names, 3. R. nilagiricum of gardens, a large, pale
rose-coloured variety, misnamed, as it is not a
native of the Nilghiris but of Nepal, being, in fact,
R, Campbelle, 4. R. Fortunei, a species discovered by

Fortune on the mountains of the province of Chekiang,
at a height of about 3000 feet (see Gardeners’
Chronicle, 1859, p. 868; Botanical Magazine, t.
5596). *'' The discovery," says Mr. Fortune, ** was
most unexpected, for . . . no Rhododendron
had previously been known to exist in this part of
China." The foliage is bold, the leaves oblong,
heart-shaped, cuspidate, white on the under-surface ;
the flowers are borne in a somewbat pyramidal truss,
the individual flowers being large, widely campanu-
late, pale rosy-lilac, nearly regular, and with stamens
of nearly equal length. The parts of the flower are
in sevens. 'The flower recalls that of R. Aucklandi, but
isabundantly distinct. 5. R. calophyllum, from Bootan,
with bold oblong lanceolate leaves, glaucous on the
under-surface,and large funnel-shaped whiteflowers. 6.
R. Edgworthii, with its rugose leaves covered with
brown pubescence beneath. 7. R. Thomsoni, with

its deep red flowers, in this instance quite free from
8, R. californicum, a species remarkable from

spots,

FIG.

its habitat, in the extreme Western States of the
Union, andquitedifferent from anything on the opposite
side of the continent. The species is hardy here,
and has pyramidal trusses of medium-sized rosy-lilac
flowers, not unlike those of R. ponticum in form.
9. R. Blandfordizflorum, a very remarkable Malayan
species, with tubular orange flowers, tipped with
yellow. (See Gard. Chron. 1856, p. 548.) 1o. R.
Roylei, a species with reddish tubular flowers, some-
what like those of R. Thomsoni, but different.

Reversed Mushroom.—Mr. W. G. Smith showed a
Mushroom (from Mr. Clarke, The Gardens, Shadwell
Court, Thetford) with a second in a reversed position
on the top of the cap of the first, as has been figured
in our columns on other occasions.

Fungus in Dilute Sulphuric Acid. —Mr. Smith
alluded to the presence in large quantities of a fungous
mould in dilute sulphuric acid, tinted with cochineal,
The fungus when cultivated in syrup developed first
into the ** vinegar plant," and ultimately into Peni-
cillium crustaceum,

Effect of the Late Gale on Leaves, —Dr. Masters
exhibited specimens of leaves of various trees, to
show the different manner in which they were

IOI,—MASDEVALLIA ROSEA,

affected in consequence of their varying modes of
growth.

Germinalion of Seeds.—.An interesting communi-
nation on this subject from Mr. Anderson- Henry was
read, of which we hope to give the substance on
another occasion.

Plants, &c., Exhibited.—Rev. H. Harpur-Crewe
showed flowers of Muscari armeniacum, the white
variety of the Persian Lilac, which is very rarely met
with ; also of Pxeonia Witmanniana, a native of the
Caucasus, with flowers of a pale sulphur-yellow, and
leaves puberulous on the under surface. Mr. G. F.
Wilson showed a trowel of a particular shape, useful
for dividing plants with as little injury to the roots
as possible. As we shall probably give an illustra-
tion of this we defer further comment. From Mr.
Doscawen came flowers of Papaver umbrosum, and
from Mr. George, a flowering specimen of a hybrid
between an Ivy-leaved Pelargonium (P. peltatum)
and P. zonale.

(SEE pP, 628, 646.)

FLORAL CoMMITTEE.—The Rev, H. Harpur-
Crewe in the chair. The principal new plants shown
on this occasion were Pratia angulata, a New Zealand
trailing plant, with minute rhomb-shaped irregularly
toothed leaves, and relatively large white Lobelia-like
flowers: itisa charming plant for carpeting on the
rockwork ; Azalea pontica altaclerensis, a variety
with deep fiery orange-coloured blossoms ; Eurybia
Gunni, a Tasmanian shrub, with small, hoary, oblong,
coarsely toothed leaves, and white starry flower-heads,
each about an inch across, and freely produced at the
ends of the branches; Astilbe Thunbergi, a Japanese
under-shrub with unequally pinnate or bi-pinnate
leaves, the segments broad, yellowish-green, and
sharply toothed ; the small white flowers are very
numerous, and borne in erect much branched pyrami-
dal panicles, the flower-stalks being of a reddish
colour and slightly downy. Azalea rubiflora flore-
pleno, a species with soft pilose leaves, like those of
Azalea mollis, and large double pinkish-lilac flowers,
the petals being slightly spotted. Cypripedium micro-
chilum had white flowers, the sepals marked with a
central purple stripe on the inner surface ; the lip is

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